![]() ![]() There are always new technologies being created in. ![]() It’s not a perfect society that we are living in, but we are always striving for perfection, whether as individuals or as a society. This is a problem not only for left-libertarians but for ‘philosophical anarchism’ more generally. Right now we are living out Plato’s dream of the perfect society, outlined in the Republic. Hence the issues of a state’s justness and a state’s political authority cannot be dealt with separately. States without political authority are intrinsically unjust in that sense. Institutions, I argue, are intrinsically unjust when they have legal liberties and powers without having the corresponding moral liberties and powers. The reason is that institutions can be unjust independently from what they achieve or do: they can be ‘intrinsically unjust’. Against Vallentyne, I try to show that states without political authority have to be judged unjust even if they successfully promote justice. Vallentyne has argued that one can indeed assess a state’s justness without assessing its political authority. ![]() For that reason, left-libertarians like Peter Vallentyne understandably hope that states without political authority could nonetheless implement left-libertarian justice. From a left-libertarian perspective, it seems almost impossible for states to acquire political authority. ![]()
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